Essential Tools for Landlords: Conducting Credit Checks

Intro

In the realm of property management, landlords often find themselves walking a tightrope between attracting quality tenants and mitigating risk. The foundation of this balancing act lies in effective credit checks. Understanding the creditworthiness of potential tenants is not just a formality; it’s a critical step that can mean the difference between a flourishing rental business and a financial disaster.

Credit checks allow landlords to peek behind the curtain, revealing how some measures of fiscal responsibility can be tied to future behavior in their properties. With the right tools and insights, landlords can navigate these waters with greater confidence. This article sheds light on what landlords need to know when it comes to credit checks, exploring foundational concepts, tools, and practices that bolster responsible decision-making in tenant selection.

Understanding the Importance of Credit Checks

When piecing together the jigsaw of renting properties, landlords must pay extra attention to credit checks. These checks are not just a cursory step; they serve as a gateway to understanding who you're letting into your property. It’s like looking under the hood of a car before making the purchase—crucial details can save you from headaches down the line. Ignoring this vital process can lead to a host of problems.

Defining Credit Checks

Credit checks are assessments that scrutinize a tenant's financial history. They typically include a review of credit scores, outstanding debts, and repayment behavior. For landlords, this is a way to gauge a potential tenant's reliability and their ability to meet rental commitments. Knowing a tenant's credit standing helps form a clearer picture of their financial habits.

But what exactly does a credit check involve? It usually requires a tenant's permission to access their credit report from one of the major credit bureaus. This report doesn’t just show numbers; it reveals the story of a person's financial journey. Think of it as a financial biography—lenders, always eager for a peek.

Why Credit Checks Matter for Landlords

Landlords often face the tricky tightrope of balancing risk and rewards. A thorough credit check is one of the few tools that concretely measure a tenant's financial stability. If a landlord allows a tenant with a shaky credit history into their property, they're setting themselves up for potential delays in rent, or worse, a possible eviction process.

Key reasons for conducting credit checks include:

Risk Minimization: With a good understanding of a tenant's prior financial behaviors, landlords can reduce their exposure to risky renters.
Financial Responsibility Insight: Credit reports can reveal whether an applicant consistently meets their payment obligations. This insight can be critically helpful; someone with a history of late payments may not be someone you want in your unit.
Long-Term Financial Health: A good tenant contributes to the overall financial health of the property, ensuring steady cash flow and maintenance of the property’s standards.

Ultimately, using credit checks effectively equips landlords with the knowledge needed for making informed decisions regarding tenant selection.

Implications of Poor Credit History

Now, let’s delve into the darker side of poor credit history. A low credit score isn’t just a red flag; it may be a full-scale alarm. Poor credit history can indicate serious issues that could affect rental agreements. In many cases, it suggests patterns of financial irresponsibility. Here are some implications landlords should consider:

Delayed Rent Payments: Tenants with poor credit may be more likely to struggle with timely rent payments, leading to unpredictable cash flow.
Potential For Evictions: A landlord may find themselves going through the cumbersome and often costly legal eviction process if the tenant fails to pay rent. This is not just an inconvenience; it’s a financial hit.
Damage to Property: Poor fiscal management can sometimes correlate with a lack of care for the rented property. A tenant who is struggling financially might be less likely to respect the property, resulting in potential damages that the landlord would need to address.

In essence, landlords must treat credit checks as a necessary shield against potential issues. Considering these implications helps to weigh a decision more judiciously and fortify the rental experience for all parties involved.

Types of Credit Checks for Tenants

Understanding the various types of credit checks landlords can run is crucial in making informed decisions about potential tenants. These checks not only provide insight into a tenant's financial reliability but also help landlords mitigate risks associated with leasing properties. By employing different types of credit assessments, landlords can gather a comprehensive picture of a tenant's history, which is invaluable in fostering harmonious landlord-tenant relations and maintaining a profitable rental business.

Standard Credit Reports

Standard credit reports are the bread and butter of tenant screening. These reports typically include a tenant's payment history, outstanding debts, and current credit accounts. Landlords can derive important insights from this information, such as:

Payment patterns: Consistency in timely payments often indicates responsible financial behavior.
Debt-to-income ratio: A high ratio may signal financial strain, suggesting the tenant may struggle to meet their rental obligations.

Moreover, since these reports come from major credit bureaus like Experian, TransUnion, or Equifax, they are generally regarded as reliable sources. However, it’s important for landlords to understand that some individuals, especially young adults or new residents, may have limited credit histories. This situation requires landlords to weigh the findings carefully rather than solely relying on a score, especially when considering first-time renters.

Background Checks

In addition to standard credit reports, background checks delve deeper into a tenant's history, providing context to the numbers. This may encompass criminal records, employment verification, and eviction history. Such checks offer landlords a well-rounded view of a potential tenant's past.

Consider the following aspects:

Criminal History: Understanding if a potential tenant has a record can help avoid future issues in tenant relations or property damage.
Eviction Records: Previous evictions might suggest potential challenges in the tenant's ability to adhere to rental agreements.

By integrating background checks with credit reports, landlords can make decisions that take into account not just financial but also behavioral aspects of potential tenants. However, caution is advised as landlords must abide by Fair Housing laws, ensuring they do not discriminate based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, familial status, or disability.

Rental History Verification

Rental history verification is a pivotal step that can often separate good tenants from the not-so-great ones. This type of check focuses on a tenant’s previous rental agreements, including:

Timeliness of Rent Payments: Did they pay on time?
Landlord references: What do previous landlords say about the tenant’s behavior?

This verification is crucial as it serves as a direct reflection of how a prospective tenant may behave in the future. By directly contacting previous landlords, landlords can gauge reliability and receive first-hand accounts of a tenant’s behavior. It can also highlight potential red flags.

Magnificent Essential Tools for Landlords: Navigating Credit Checks

By leveraging a mix of standard credit reports, background checks, and rental history verification, landlords are better positioned to choose high-quality tenants who will respect their properties and fulfill their contractual obligations.

Each type of credit check offers unique insights, allowing landlords to navigate the leasing process with greater confidence. With an informed understanding of these checks, landlords can build a trustworthy tenant base, leading to a more stable rental experience.

Choosing the Right Tools for Credit Checks

When it comes to selecting tenants, finding the right credit check tools is like finding a needle in a haystack. The quality of the tools you choose directly impacts your ability to make informed decisions, thus safeguarding your investment. In this digital age, landlords can access a variety of tools designed to simplify and streamline the screening process. Making an informed choice not only ensures you are picking the best possible tenants but also saves you time and potential headaches down the road.

You want a reliable service that provides comprehensive reports, accurate data, and smooth user experience. So, how do you sift through the sea of options? This section will outline the most reputable credit check services, focusing on the features that truly matter, as well as costs that can easily slip under the radar.

Top Credit Check Services Available

There’s a multitude of credit check services available today, and some stand out more than others due to their robust offerings. Here are a few primo providers:

Experian: Renowned for its credibility, this service not only offers detailed credit reports but also educational resources for landlords to understand tenant risks better.
TransUnion: A favorite among property managers, TransUnion provides numerous screening options tailored to landlords, including criminal background and eviction history checks.
Equifax: Known for its user-friendly interface, Equifax delivers in-depth credit reports alongside fraud protection options, which is increasingly valuable in today's market.

"Using the right tools ensures you can make confident, data-driven decisions."

It’s essential to read reviews and potentially engage in trials when available. Sometimes the best service can seem daunting if the interface isn’t intuitive.

Evaluating Service Features

While price often plays a huge role in decision-making, it’s the features that can make or break the effectiveness of your tenant screening process. Key elements to evaluate include:

Accuracy of Reports: Does the service provide up-to-date and precise credit histories? Look for services with a strong reputation for accuracy to avoid verifiable black marks in tenant profiles.
Customizability: Each property and tenant is different. Services that allow you to tailor screening criteria can help you single out ideal applicants.
Support and Resources: Does the service offer customer support and educational materials? Quality customer service can save you time and stress.
Integration Capabilities: Consider whether the credit check service can seamlessly integrate with your existing property management software. This can greatly enhance efficiency.

Cost Considerations

Finally, the financial aspect can’t be overlooked. Different services come with varied pricing structures, ranging from monthly subscriptions to fees paid per report. Things to think about include:

Upfront Costs: Some services may charge a small fee for each credit report, while others operate on a subscription basis that covers multiple checks. Calculate which method will be more cost-effective based on the number of applications you anticipate.
Hidden Fees: Always be on the lookout for hidden fees. The last thing you want is to get slapped with unexpected charges when you decide to utilize additional screening features or tools.
Budgeting for Future Needs: Consider your future growth potential. A slightly pricier service might save you more in the long run if it helps you find more reliable tenants or provides additional valuable insights.

By weighing these factors carefully, you’ll be in a good position to pluck out the tidiest tools that meet your specific needs as a landlord. Remember, skipping due diligence now might save a few bucks, but could cost you later on in harder-to-quantify ways.

Understanding Tenant Privacy Rights

As landlords navigate the complex landscape of tenant screening, understanding tenant privacy rights emerges as a fundamental concern. In this environment, where finances are laid bare before potential landlords, the need for a thorough yet respectful approach to credit checks is paramount. Tenant privacy rights not only help in maintaining a respectful relationship but also safeguard landlords against potential legal entanglements.

Legal Framework Surrounding Credit Checks

The legal framework governing credit checks varies across states, but many essential regulations weave through the fabric of landlord-tenant relationships. Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) is a cornerstone federal law in the United States that lays down the rules for credit checks. Essentially, it ensures that landlords use credit reports responsibly. Landlords must obtain written consent from applicants before pulling any credit information.

This consent forms the bedrock of legal compliance. Along with this, landlords must inform applicants if they deny rental based on information from a credit report. Such transparency is not mere courtesy; it is a legal obligation. Failure to comply with these regulations can lead to financial liabilities and even lawsuits. Various state laws may impose additional restrictions; for example, some locales might require landlords to disclose the criteria used for evaluating the credit report, which makes it all the more critical for landlords to be well-acquainted with both state and federal requirements.

Obtaining Consent from Tenants

Obtaining consent before conducting a credit check is not just a procedural step; it carries significant weight. Landlords should provide clear, concise information outlining what the consent entails. This could be through a simple consent form where potential tenants can easily identify which aspects of their credit history may be scrutinized.

When asking for consent, it’s helpful to explain why such a check is essential. Highlight the necessity of ensuring that applicants are financially reliable and capable of fulfilling rental obligations.

Clear communication enhances transparency.
Inviting questions helps build trust.
Consider providing a brief overview of the insights you gather from credit checks.

By ensuring tenants fully understand the process, landlords can foster a more open dialogue, which can lead to smoother interactions throughout the rental period. In an industry where trust is as valuable as any lease agreement, obtaining informed consent is one of the simplest yet profound ways to uphold tenant dignity while fulfilling a landlord's due diligence.

"Respecting tenant privacy not only fosters goodwill but also shields landlords from potential pitfalls."

Building an understanding around tenant privacy rights helps landlords craft policies that are fair and compliant, creating a win-win situation for both parties involved.

Best Practices for Conducting Credit Checks

When it comes to selecting the right tenant for a rental property, a robust credit check can be the linchpin in that decision-making process. By adhering to well-defined best practices for conducting credit checks, landlords can streamline their processes, reduce risks, and enhance the overall tenant selection strategy. While understanding the finer details of credit checks is vital, integrating these best practices ensures a holistic view of potential tenants, fostering a trustworthy landlord-tenant relationship right from the start.

Integrating Credit Checks into the Application Process

Notable Essential Tools for Landlords: Navigating Credit Checks

Incorporating credit checks seamlessly into the application process not only saves time but also presents a professional image to prospective tenants. When landlords embed credit checks into their workflows, it becomes a standard practice that applicants expect, which minimizes surprises and misunderstandings.

Initial Application Form: Start by including a dedicated section in the application form where potential tenants consent to their credit report being obtained. Clear communication regarding why this check is necessary sets the right tone. It can lend a sense of legitimacy to the procedure.
Timely Communication: After submitting the application, it is essential to inform applicants about the timeline and what they should expect during the credit check phase. A transparent communication process builds respect and trust.
Document All Steps: Keeping records of the credit check process can safeguard landlords from potential disputes down the line. This documentation proves helpful, especially if the landlord needs to justify their decisions based on the findings from the credit report.
Inform About the Outcomes: Lastly, always inform applicants of the outcomes of their credit checks. Not only is this respectful, but it opens the door for dialogue and clarification, especially if issues arise.

Using Multiple Sources to Assess Tenant Reliability

Relying solely on one credit report can be like reading only one chapter of a book and thinking you know the whole story. A multi-faceted approach to tenant reliability can provide a more comprehensive picture. Here's how you can combine various sources:

Credit Reports: Of course, the first pitstop is obtaining a credit report, yet landlords must know different bureaus may provide varying scores and histories. This variance is crucial for assessing the overall creditworthiness.
Rental References: Reach out to previous landlords, if possible. They can share valuable insights about a tenant’s previous payment behavior and overall reliability. A glowing recommendation can sometimes offset minor credit score imperfections.
Employment Verification: Confirming employment status and income can assure landlords that an applicant has the financial means to fulfill rent obligations. Requesting recent pay slips or employment letters is a good practice.
Personal References: Friends or colleagues can offer additional context about a tenant's character. While not as concrete as the previous methods, they can provide added depth to an application assessment.

Collectively, these methods of assessment can greatly improve the reliability of tenant selections, weaving a detailed narrative that stands strong against uncertainties.

"A thorough approach to tenant screening is not just a safeguard against risks. It's building a foundation for a fair and trustworthy rental arrangement."

Incorporating these best practices into the credit check process can empower landlords to make informed, confident decisions. By enhancing both the application process and the assessment methods, landlords can expect not only to find the best tenants but also to maintain a positive rental relationship well into the future.

Common Challenges in Tenant Credit Checks

The process of screening tenants through credit checks is essential for landlords, but it doesn't come without its own set of challenges. Understanding these hurdles is critical for making sound decisions that align with your goals as a landlord. The importance of navigating issues such as negative credit reports and inaccuracies in those reports cannot be understated. Not only do these challenges affect the tenant selection process, but they can also have implications for tenant relationships and long-term rental success.

Handling Negative Credit Reports

When it comes to credit checks, negative reports can feel like a punch in the gut. A potential tenant may have a black mark on their credit, such as missed payments or a foreclosure. As a landlord, it's crucial to remember that these reports don’t paint a complete picture. Here are some practical steps to consider when faced with a negative credit report:

Assess the Context: It’s worth investigating the why behind a poor credit score. Life events like job loss, medical emergencies, or divorce can impact credit and may not reflect a tenant's reliability.
Consider Mitigating Factors: If a potential tenant has made strides in improving their credit after past mistakes, this may show responsibility and a willingness to correct errors.
Engage in Open Dialogue: Communication can often tell you more than numbers on a report. Asking candidates about their credit situation can provide insights that help you make a more informed decision.

"Understanding credit reports is not just about numbers; it's about the stories behind them."

Addressing Inaccuracies in Reports

No system is perfect, and credit reports frequently include inaccuracies. Resolving these discrepancies is key to maintaining a fair screening process. Here’s how landlords can handle this:

Encourage Transparency: Invite prospective tenants to disclose any known inaccuracies on their reports. An honest conversation can alleviate misunderstandings and pave the way for further checks.
Verify with Multiple Sources: Don’t rely solely on one credit report. Use multiple services to get a clearer view of the tenant's financial history. This can significantly reduce the risk of making decisions based on incorrect data.
Assist with Corrections: If a tenant identifies an inaccuracy, guide them on how to correct it. This not only builds trust but can also improve your screening process in the long run.

By navigating these challenges carefully, landlords can enhance their credit check processes and cultivate quality tenant relationships. While negative reports and inaccuracies might seem daunting, they ultimately provide an opportunity to delve deeper and understand each candidate on a more personal level.

Technology's Role in Tenant Screening

In the current rental landscape, technology serves as a critical backbone for landlords when it comes to tenant screening. The conventional methods of evaluating potential tenants often fall short amidst the complexities and demands of modern life. By leveraging various technological tools, landlords can expedite the screening process, increase accuracy in assessments, and ultimately make more informed decisions. Understanding this role is essential for anyone looking to maintain a reliable rental business.

Emerging Technological Solutions

Landlords today have access to a variety of innovative solutions that have dramatically changed how tenant screenings are conducted. Among these solutions, we see an array of online platforms that provide comprehensive tenant screening services. For instance, TenantBuilder and RentPrep offer detailed credit reports as well as criminal background checks.

Additionally, applications like Cozy and Avail make it easy to manage properties, enabling landlords to send out applications digitally. Such platforms often incorporate features that allow landlords to automate various aspects of their tenant screening. Using these tools can save landlords time while improving the reliability of their assessments.

Some key benefits of these technological solutions include:

Fast processing: Immediate access to reports that can get to the landlord when they need them.
Holistic view: Many solutions compile various forms of information—from credit history to rental payment history—in one easy-to-read format.
User-friendly interfaces: These online platforms typically provide clear navigation, making the tenant screening process less daunting.

Streamlining the Review Process with Automation

Automation has emerged as a game-changer in the world of tenant screenings. Many landlords hesitate to adopt new technology, fearing that they may lose the personal touch. However, in practice, automation does not negate personal judgment; rather, it enhances it.

For example, automated tenant screening allows landlords to set filters based on specific criteria such as income level, rental history, and even pet policies. By filtering out applications that do not meet essential requirements, landlords can focus on the candidates that deserve their attention.

This streamlining can involve:

Automated alerts: Landlords can receive prompts when potential tenants submit applications, ensuring they never miss out.
Document collection: Tools can help landlords collect necessary documents effortlessly, from proof of income to tenant references.
Data organization: Keeping track of various applications becomes significantly easier, allowing landlords to organize their data and access it when needed.

In this digitally-driven age, utilizing technology for tenant screenings not only saves time but also helps minimize risks associated with renting.

Alternatives to Traditional Credit Checks

Essential Tools for Landlords: Navigating Credit Checks Summary

As the landscape of tenant screening evolves, landlords are increasingly aware that credit checks aren't the only tool in their toolbox. While a conventional credit report can provide valuable insights into a tenant's financial history, alternatives may be equally, if not more, relevant in assessing a potential tenant's reliability. This flexibility can help landlords make more informed decisions, allowing them to refocus on what truly matters—the tenant's ability to pay rent consistently and care for the property.

Using Rental History as a Benchmark

One practical alternative is to take a good, hard look at rental history. This involves gathering information about not only where a potential tenant has lived but also how long they stayed and their rent payment behavior. For example, a tenant who has consistently paid their rent on time for several years at a previous address is likely to continue that pattern.

By prioritizing rental history, landlords can avoid the pitfalls often associated with stringent credit checks. Moreover, this method can be particularly beneficial for younger tenants or newcomers who may not have an extensive credit history yet but have demonstrated reliability as tenants.

Advantages of Using Rental History:

Direct Evidence of Payment Practice: Rental history offers a clear picture of whether a tenant has been responsible with previous landlords.
Less Impact from Irrelevant Factors: This approach sidesteps red flags in credit reports that may not be indicative of current stability, like medical bills from years ago.
Enhanced Tenant Relationships: Focusing on rental history can foster trust, as many tenants understand the importance of their previous agreements and appreciate being assessed based on them.

Income Verification Processes

While rental history shines a light on past behavior, verifying a potential tenant’s income serves as a solid foundation for assessing their future ability to pay rent. By checking the tenant’s income through pay stubs, tax returns, or direct contact with their employer, landlords can gauge if the tenant's earnings align with the rent they are applying for.

This method holds several benefits:

Income Stability Assessment: It provides insight into whether a tenant's income is strong enough to keep up with rent payments, particularly during times of economic uncertainty.
Holistic View of Tenant Financial Health: Understanding income sources allows landlords to assess risk beyond what a simple credit report can offer. For example, a tenant with a steady job and side gig could have greater financial resilience.
Flexibility for Non-Traditional Applicants: This method accommodates freelancers or gig workers whose earnings may fluctuate but who can prove overall financial responsibility.

When implementing these alternative processes, it's crucial for landlords to maintain transparency while obtaining tenant consent. Engaging in open communication can ease concerns and lead to better relationships, making it a win-win in the long run.

"Whether it’s digging into rental histories or validating income, alternative methods are reshaping how landlords evaluate potential tenants."

The Impact of Credit Checks on Tenant Relations

Conducting credit checks is a crucial step in the tenant screening process, but the impacts of those checks extend far beyond just evaluating prospective tenants' financial histories. Understanding the dynamics between credit checks and tenant relations can shape more effective management strategies and foster trust with tenants.

Navigating Rejections and Communication

When a tenant's application is denied based on a credit check, it can leave a sour taste in their mouths. How a landlord communicates this decision has significant consequences for future engagements. It's essential to approach rejection conversations with care, precision, and empathy.

Firstly, transparency is key. According to the Fair Credit Reporting Act, landlords must inform applicants of adverse actions taken based on credit reports. This opens the door to a dialogue. Consider sending a formal letter detailing the reasons for the rejection while also providing a copy of the credit report when possible. This gesture not only aligns with legal obligations but also offers the rejected applicant insights into their credit standing.

Moreover, taking the extra time to address the situation empathetically can go a long way. A simple follow-up call or message asking if the applicant has any questions can turn a negative experience into a constructive opportunity. Open communication helps demystify the process and shows that landlords are not just faceless entities but are genuinely interested in the well-being of potential tenants.

Be clear and upfront about the criteria used for credit checks.
Encourage discussions around misunderstandings concerning the applicant's credit status.
Reinforce that one rejection doesn't define their future rental opportunities.

Building Trust through Transparency

Transparency doesn't just apply to rejections. It should consistently permeate every interaction between landlords and tenants. When landlords are open about their credit check processes, including how personal data is handled and what factors influence decisions, it prompts a culture of trust. Tenants feel more at ease knowing the reasoning behind decisions that affect their living arrangements.

Establishing a transparent environment can contribute positively to tenant relations in several ways:

Credibility: When tenants see that a landlord practices transparency, they are more likely to consider them trustworthy. This can lead to higher tenant satisfaction and fewer disputes.
Retention: Happy tenants are more likely to renew leases. If they understand that credit checks are not an arbitrary barrier but rather a standard part of the landlord's efforts to ensure a stable living environment, they may be more forgiving of any unsuccessful attempts.
Referrals: Satisfied tenants often share their experiences with friends and family. Maintaining transparency in dealings can lead to referrals, helping landlords build a positive reputation.

Epilogue: Balancing Risk and Opportunity

In any industry, striking a balance between risk and opportunity can be likened to walking a tightrope. For landlords, navigating credit checks represents a unique set of challenges that can significantly influence tenant selection and property management success. The conclusion draws together the key aspects discussed earlier in the article, emphasizing both the necessity and the complexity of credit assessments.

The fundamental concept here is straightforward: effectively managing risk can lead to rewarding opportunities. By conducting thorough credit checks, landlords not only protect their investment but also ensure that they are choosing tenants who will uphold their rental agreements, pay on time, and maintain the property.

Key Takeaways for Landlords

When considering the journey through credit checks, landlords should take note of several critical elements:

Understand the Importance: A solid grasp of what credit checks entail and why they are imperative in tenant selection is vital. Poorly informed decisions can lead to financial headaches down the road.
Implement Best Practices: Integrating credit checks smoothly into the application process can save time and lead to more successful outcomes. Consider using multiple sources to get a comprehensive view of each applicant.
Stay Informed on Legislation: Landlords must stay abreast of the legal rights concerning tenant privacy and the requirements for conducting credit checks. Knowledge is power and can shield against legal infractions.
Communicate Transparently: Building trust is paramount. Clear and honest communication regarding the evaluation process helps in establishing a positive relationship with potential tenants.

These takeaways are not merely checkboxes but essential guidelines that, if followed, can turn prospective pitfalls into vantage points for long-term success.

Future Trends in Tenant Screening

As the landscape of property management evolves, so too do the methods of tenant screening. Trends emerging from technological advances and shifting rental markets suggest tenants may increasingly prefer flexible rental arrangements and transparency in reporting their financial behaviors. A few noteworthy trends include:

AI and Machine Learning: The use of advanced analytics can help landlords better interpret credit data and tenant behavior, making it easier to identify reliable candidates. Rather than merely checking numbers, algorithms assess behavioral patterns.
Enhanced Data Accessibility: As more tenants become data-savvy, tools like self-reporting models may become commonplace where tenants offer maintainable rental history data to support their applications.
Shifting Focus from Credit Scores: A holistic view of tenant reliability is gaining traction. This approach considers rental history, income verification, and even character references.

"The secret of change is to focus all of your energy, not on fighting the old, but on building the new."
— Socrates

In summary, the ongoing dialogue about credit checks highlights their essential role in property management. For informed landlords, honing their screening processes not only safeguards their interests but also paves the way for fruitful landlord-tenant relationships.

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